Protection Marks
Before describing marks for protection it is important to be aware that carpenter's marks can also usually be found in a timber building. These were used extensively as part of the assembly process for erecting timber framed buildings. The marks usually form a numerical sequence which helped the builder to know which timbers to join together and in what order when they were laying out the frames which would then be erected. There are many varieties of carpenter's marks and it is important not to confuse them with ritual marks.
This example of a overlapping daisy-wheels (look carefully) was found within the porch of All Saints Church, Evesham, Worcestershire.
Several types of symbols can be found engraved onto wood, stone or plaster for protection purposes. One of the most commonly encountered of these is the ‘daisywheel’. It is a compass-drawn circle with six petals within it and it appears on buildings and on furniture throughout Britain. They seem to have originated as a solar symbol which could dispel darkness. These 'daisy wheels' can be found throughout the world.
Protection marks are usually very lightly etched or scored onto surfaces, sometimes so lightly that they are invisible unless a bright light is aimed obliquely along a beam. When the marks are in areas of a building that are difficult to reach, it seems that they were sometimes made by the carpenters or builders prior to the erection of the building. There are also, however, many examples which appear to have been done after the building was erected.
Protection marks are usually very lightly etched or scored onto surfaces, sometimes so lightly that they are invisible unless a bright light is aimed obliquely along a beam. When the marks are in areas of a building that are difficult to reach, it seems that they were sometimes made by the carpenters or builders prior to the erection of the building. There are also, however, many examples which appear to have been done after the building was erected.
These marks are from the chimney lintel at Camp Green Farm, Debenham, Suffolk. This illustration is from Timothy Easton's article - see below for details of the article.
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These overlapping circles are just a few of those which appear on a sealed door in Harvington Hall, Worcestershire.
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An example of Marian marks and a butterfly mark from inside Prince Arthur's Chantry in Worcester Cathedral.
There is a category of marks known as 'Marian' marks because they relate to the Virgin Mary. Where we get overlapping V's and the letter M we can be fairly confident that these refer to the initials of the Virgin. Worship of her was a very important part of pre-Reformation religion and it did not completely die away post-Reformation. It would seem that these marks are an invocation to the Virgin that she may protect the location in question.
Deliberate burn marks are also often found. These are made by holding a flame against a timber and repeatedly scraping away the carbon layer which forms to make a deep flame shaped mark. They are particularly common on chimney lintels but can be found literally anywhere on timbers. This example is from the fireplace at Little Hall, Lavenham.
Recently a whole load of marks were discovered in a house in the USA - find out more here.
Recommended reading:
Brian Hoggard and Alicia Jessup, ‘Llancaiach Fawr Manor: Fortified Against Evil’, The Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings Magazine, Autumn 2017 , pp51-5.
Timothy Easton, ‘Scribed and Painted Symbols’, in Paul Oliver (ed), Vernacular Architecture of the World, 1997/8 (four vols), CUP.
Timothy Easton, ‘Ritual Marks on Historic Timber’, Weald and Downland Open Air Museum Magazine, Spring 1999, pp22-30.
Brian Hoggard, 'The archaeology of counter-witchcraft and popular magic', in Owen Davies & Willem de Blecourt, Beyond the Witch-Trials, 2004, Manchester University Press, pp167-186.
Dean, J & Hill, N. 2014, 'Burn Marks on Buildings: Accidental or Deliberate', in Vernacular Architecture, vol 45, 1-15.
If you click here you can view a summary of an article about some marks found in Goatchurch Cavern, North Somerset.
Recommended reading:
Brian Hoggard and Alicia Jessup, ‘Llancaiach Fawr Manor: Fortified Against Evil’, The Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings Magazine, Autumn 2017 , pp51-5.
Timothy Easton, ‘Scribed and Painted Symbols’, in Paul Oliver (ed), Vernacular Architecture of the World, 1997/8 (four vols), CUP.
Timothy Easton, ‘Ritual Marks on Historic Timber’, Weald and Downland Open Air Museum Magazine, Spring 1999, pp22-30.
Brian Hoggard, 'The archaeology of counter-witchcraft and popular magic', in Owen Davies & Willem de Blecourt, Beyond the Witch-Trials, 2004, Manchester University Press, pp167-186.
Dean, J & Hill, N. 2014, 'Burn Marks on Buildings: Accidental or Deliberate', in Vernacular Architecture, vol 45, 1-15.
If you click here you can view a summary of an article about some marks found in Goatchurch Cavern, North Somerset.
